Return to Main Index

I. Main structures
II. Main functions for homeostasis
     A. Removing wastes and toxins
     B. Regulating osmotic pressure
     C. Maintaining individual concentrations
     D. Maintaining acid/base balance
     E. Regulating blood pressure
     F. Activating vitamin D
III. Kidneys
     A. Blood vessels
          1. Large vessels
          2. Glomeruli and filtration
     B. Tubules and collecting ducts - reabsorption and secretion
     C. Nephrons
     D. Overall functions and adaptability
IV. Age changes in kidneys
     A. Blood vessels
     B. Renal blood flow
     C. Glomerular filtration rate
     D. Tubules and collecting ducts
     E. Other changes
          1. Renin production
          2. Vitamin D activation
     F. Consequences
          1. Reserve capacity
          2. Medications
V. Abnormal and disease changes in kidneys
VI. Ureters
VII. Urinary bladder
     A. Structure and function
     B. Age changes
VIII. Urethra
     A. Structure and function
     B. Age changes
IX. Urination
     A. Normal functioning
     B. Age changes
     C. Urinary incontinence
          1. Incidence
          2. Types
          3. Contributing factors
          4. Effects and complications
          5. Prevention and treatments

Return to Top of Page

Return to Chapter Index
 
Return to Main Index

©  Copyright 2020: Augustine G. DiGiovanna, Ph.D., Salisbury University, Maryland
The materials on this site are licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
This license requires that reusers give credit to the creator. It allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, for noncommercial purposes only. If others modify or adapt the material, they must license the modified material under identical terms.
Previous print editions of the text Human Aging: Biological Perspectives are © Copyright 2000, 1994 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. and 2020 by Augustine DiGiovanna.
View License Deed | View Legal Code