I. Hierarchy of the body
A. Atoms, ions, and molecules
1. Definitions
2. Chemical
reactions
a. Reasons
b. New substances
c. Energy
B. Organelles and cells
C. Tissues, organs, systems, organism
II. Body chemicals - types, structures, and uses
A. Water
B. Carbohydrates
C. Nucleic acids
D. Proteins
E. Lipids
F. Molecular complexes
G. Free radicals
1. Importance
in aging
2. Formation
3. Effects
a. Damaged molecules
b. Prevention and repair mechanisms
4. Glycation
a. Effects
b. Prevention
III. Cells - components and functions
A. Cell membrane
B. Cytoplasm
C.
Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Golgi apparatus
E. Vacuoles
F. Mitochondria
G. Microtubules and microfilaments
H.
Nucleus
I. Genetic control
J. Cell division
1. DNA duplication
and telomeres
2.
Mitosis
3. Hayflick
limit and replicative senescence
a. Nature
b. Significance
K. Neoplasia
1. Types
2. Significance
in aging
IV. Apoptosis
V. Genes and aging
A. Nature and nurture
B. Methods of study
C. Age-related abnormalities
VI. Intercellular materials - properties and functions
A. Amorphous materials
B. Fibers
1. Collagen
fibers
2. Elastin fibers
VII. Biological aging theories
A. Reasons for theories of aging
B. General characteristics of the theories
1. Evolutionary
theories
2. Physiological
theories
a. Programmed theories
b. Stochastic theories
c. Network theories
C.
Evolutionary theories
1. Disposable
soma theory
2. Antagonistic
pleiotropy theory
3. Accumulation
of late-acting error theory
D.
Physiological theories
1.
Genetic theories
2. Genetic timers
3. Limited gene
usage theory
4.
Error catastrophe
theory
5. Rate of living
theory
6. Free radical
theory
7. Mitochondrial
theory
8. Mitochondrial
DNA theory
9. Clinker theories
10. Cross-linkage
theories
11. Hormone
theories
12. Calcium
theory
13. Immune system
theories
14. Wear and
tear theory
15.
Network
theories