Some of these figures and pages may be copyright protected. I take no responsibility for matters related to copyright laws and regulations. Use these at your own discretion.

Augustine DiGiovanna, Ph.D.

Fig. 6.1 The nervous system.

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Fig. 6.2 Neuron structure

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Fig. 6.3 Neuron functioning

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Fig. 6.4 Reflex pathways involving skeletal muscles.

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Fig. 6.5 A conscious sensory pathway.

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Fig. 6.6 A somatic (voluntary) motor pathway.

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Fig. 6.7 Structure of aging brain

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Fig. 6.8 Regions of the brain.

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Human_brain_arachnoid_description.JPG

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Brain_human_sagittal_section.svg/543px-Brain_human_sagittal_section.svg.png

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/1604_Types_of_Cortical_Areas-02.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Brain_human_normal_inferior_view.svg/424px-Brain_human_normal_inferior_view.svg.png

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Insula_structure.png

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https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffreesvg.org%2Fbrain-vector-illustration&psig=AOvVaw32eztD3rNWcUx2NJv2aQeQ&ust=1597495107459000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCKic_Z7bmusCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAF

Fig. 6.9 Blood vessels that supply the brain.

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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Willis_circle_MRI.gif

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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2123_Arteries_of_the_Brain.jpg

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Fig. 6.10 Strokes

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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circle_of_Willis.png

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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:On_epilepsy_-_anatomo-pathological_and_clinical_notes_(with_original_plates_and_engravings.)_(1870)_(14763398095).jpg

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Fig. 6.11 Alzeihmer’s disease

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“In the Alzheimer’s affected brain, abnormal levels of the beta-amyloid protein clump together to form plaques (seen in brown) that collect between neurons and disrupt cell function. Abnormal collections of the tau protein accumulate and form tangles (seen in blue) within neurons, harming synaptic communication between nerve cells.”

NIH Image Gallery

Beta-Amyloid Plaques and Tau in the Brain

https://www.flickr.com/photos/nihgov/25209610730/in/album-72157662951050375/

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Alzheimers_Disease.jpg

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Videos

“Alzheimer disease”

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/anatomyvideos/000003.htm

Fig. 6.12 Basal ganglia

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Fig. 6.13 Microscopic views of Lewy bodies

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Previous print editions of the text Human Aging: Biological Perspectives are © Copyright 2000, 1994 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. and 2020 by Augustine DiGiovanna.