Fig. 7.12 The inner ear. (Sources of images and videos below. Used with permission.)

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“Internal Ear Anatomy”

https://blausen.com/en/video/internal-ear-anatomy/

Copyright 2020: Augustine G. DiGiovanna, Ph.D., Salisbury, Maryland
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Previous print editions of the text Human Aging: Biological Perspectives are © Copyright 2000, 1994 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. and 2020 by Augustine DiGiovanna.

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Sources of images and videos below. Used with permission.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png

Description	English: Internal Ear Anatomy. See a related animation of this medical topic.

Date	15 October 2013, 14:40:06

Source	Own work

Author	BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:

Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014". wikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.

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(Reusing this file)	This work is free and may be used by anyone for any purpose. If you wish to use this content, you do not need to request permission as long as you follow any licensing requirements mentioned on this page.

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Modified: A.G. DiGiovanna

Added labels and lines. Blocked some portions.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vestibular_organs-_canals,_otolith,_cochlea.jpg

Description	a drawing of the inner ear

Source	The Effects of Space Flight on the Human Vestibular System, an online educational article by the U.S. government’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Author	NASA

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This file is in the public domain in the United States because it was solely created by NASA. NASA copyright policy states that "NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted". (See Template:PD-USGov, NASA copyright policy page or JPL Image Use Policy.)

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Use of NASA logos, insignia and emblems is restricted per U.S. law 14 CFR 1221.

The NASA website hosts a large number of images from the Soviet/Russian space agency, and other non-American space agencies. These are not necessarily in the public domain.

Materials based on Hubble Space Telescope data may be copyrighted if they are not explicitly produced by the STScI.[1] See also {{PD-Hubble}} and {{Cc-Hubble}}.

The SOHO (ESA & NASA) joint project implies that all materials created by its probe are copyrighted and require permission for commercial non-educational use. [2]

Images featured on the Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) web site may be copyrighted. [3]

The National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) site has been known to host copyrighted content. Its photo gallery FAQ states that all of the images in the photo gallery are in the public domain "Unless otherwise noted."

Modified: A.G. DiGiovanna

Added labels and lines. Blocked some portions.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ampulla_of_SemicircularCanal.svg

Description	English: The cupula of the human semicircular canal. Top: The cupula spans the lumen of the ampulla from the crista to the membranous labyrinth. Bottom: Since head acceleration exceeds endolymph acceleration, the relative flow of endolymph in the canal is opposite to the direction of head acceleration. This flow produces a pressure across the elastic cupula, which deflects in response.

Date	16 February 2011

Source	Own work

Author	Thomas.haslwanter

Licensing

I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following licenses:

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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.

You may select the license of your choice.

Modified: A.G. DiGiovanna

Added labels and lines. Blocked some portions.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1410_Equilibrium_and_Semicircular_Canals.jpg

Description	English: Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.

Date	28 May 2013, 00:56:05

Source	Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.

Author	OpenStax College

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This file is licensed under the Creative commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.

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Under the following conditions:

attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.

Modified: A.G. DiGiovanna

Added labels and lines. Blocked some portions.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Otoliths_w_CrossSection.jpg

Description	English: The otoliths are the human sensory organs for linear acceleration. The utricle (left) is approximately horizontally oriented; the saccule (center) lies approximately vertical. The arrows indicate the local on-directions of the hair cells; and the thick black lines indicate the location of the striola. On the right you see a cross-section through the otolith membrane. The graphs have been generated by Rudi Jaeger, while we cooperated on investigations of the otolith dynamics.

Date	15 February 2011

Source	Own work

Author	Thomas.haslwanter

Licensing

I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following licenses:

This file is licensed under the Creative commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

You are free:

to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work

to remix – to adapt the work

Under the following conditions:

attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.

share alike – If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same or compatible license as the original.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.

You may select the license of your choice.

Modified: A.G. DiGiovanna

Added labels and lines. Blocked some portions.