Fig. 7.10 Pathway of sound vibrations and structures of the cochlea. (Sources of images and videos below. Used with permission.

Hair cells send impulses through the cochlear nerve to the brain. 6 “Unrolled” cochlea “Transparent” cochlea Magnified views of cochlea Impulses to brain Impulses to brain

Videos

“Hearing and the Cochlea”

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/anatomyvideos/000063.htm

“External Ear Anatomy”

https://blausen.com/en/video/external-ear-anatomy/

“Hearing”

https://blausen.com/en/video/hearing/

“Hearing Loss”

https://blausen.com/en/video/hearing-loss/

Copyright 2020: Augustine G. DiGiovanna, Ph.D., Salisbury, Maryland

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Previous print editions of the text Human Aging: Biological Perspectives are © Copyright 2000, 1994 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. and 2020 by Augustine DiGiovanna.

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Sources of images and videos below. Used with permission.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/1405_Sound_Waves_and_the_Ear.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1405_Sound_Waves_and_the_Ear.jpg

Description	Version 8.25 from the Textbook	OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology	Published May 18, 2016

Date	18 May 2016	Source	https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface

Author	OpenStax	Licensing

I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license:

This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.	You are free:

to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work

to remix – to adapt the work

Under the following conditions:

attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.

Modified: A.G. DiGiovanna

Added labels and lines. Blocked some portions.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/1406_Cochlea.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1406_Cochlea.jpg

Description	Version 8.25 from the Textbook	OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology	Published May 18, 2016

Date	18 May 2016	Source	https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface

Author	OpenStax	Licensing

I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license:

This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.	You are free:

to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work

to remix – to adapt the work

Under the following conditions:

attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.

Modified: A.G. DiGiovanna

Added labels and lines. Blocked some portions.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0330_EarAnatomy_MiddleEar.png

Description	English: Middle Ear Anatomy. See a related animation of this medical topic.	Date	15 October 2013, 14:40:07

Source	Own work

Author	BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:

Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.

Permission	(Reusing this file)	This work is free and may be used by anyone for any purpose. If you wish to use this content, you do not need to request permission as long as you follow any licensing requirements mentioned on this page.

Wikimedia Foundation has received an e-mail confirming that the copyright holder has approved publication under the terms mentioned on this page. This correspondence has been reviewed by an OTRS member and stored in our permission archive. The correspondence is available to trusted volunteers as ticket #2013061010006654.

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This work is free and may be used by anyone for any purpose. If you wish to use this content, you do not need to request permission as long as you follow any licensing requirements mentioned on this page.

Wikimedia Foundation has received an e-mail confirming that the copyright holder has approved publication under the terms mentioned on this page. This correspondence has been reviewed by an OTRS member and stored in our permission archive. The correspondence is available to trusted volunteers as ticket #2013061010006654.

Modified: A.G. DiGiovanna

Added labels and lines. Blocked some portions.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png

Description	English: Internal Ear Anatomy. See a related animation of this medical topic.

Date	15 October 2013, 14:40:06

Source	Own work

Author	BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:

Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.

Permission
(Reusing this file)	This work is free and may be used by anyone for any purpose. If you wish to use this content, you do not need to request permission as long as you follow any licensing requirements mentioned on this page.

Wikimedia Foundation has received an e-mail confirming that the copyright holder has approved publication under the terms mentioned on this page. This correspondence has been reviewed by an OTRS member and stored in our permission archive. The correspondence is available to trusted volunteers as ticket #2013061010006654.

If you have questions about the archived correspondence, please use the OTRS noticeboard. Ticket link: https://ticket.wikimedia.org/otrs/index.pl?Action=AgentTicketZoom&TicketNumber=2013061010006654

This work is free and may be used by anyone for any purpose. If you wish to use this content, you do not need to request permission as long as you follow any licensing requirements mentioned on this page.

Wikimedia Foundation has received an e-mail confirming that the copyright holder has approved publication under the terms mentioned on this page. This correspondence has been reviewed by an OTRS member and stored in our permission archive. The correspondence is available to trusted volunteers as ticket #2013061010006654

Modified: A.G. DiGiovanna

Added labels and lines. Blocked some portions.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1407_The_Hair_Cell.jpg

Description	Version 8.25 from the Textbook	OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology

Published May 18, 2016	Date	18 May 2016	Source	https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface

Author	OpenStax	Licensing

I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license:

This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

You are free:

to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work

to remix – to adapt the work

Under the following conditions:

attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.

Modified: A.G. DiGiovanna

Added labels and lines. Blocked some portions.

Videos

“Hearing and the cochlea”

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/anatomyvideos/000063.htm

“External Ear Anatomy”

https://blausen.com/en/video/external-ear-anatomy/

“Hearing”

https://blausen.com/en/video/hearing/

“Hearing Loss”

https://blausen.com/en/video/hearing-loss/