I. Main components
II. Main functions for homeostasis
A. Support
B. Protection from trauma
C. Movement
1. Attachment
2. Levers
D. Mineral storage
E. Blood cell production
III. Bones
A. Bone tissue components
1. Bone cells
2. Fibers and
minerals
B. Bone tissue types
1. Cortical
bone (compact bone)
2. Trabecular
bone (spongy bone)
C. Other tissues
IV. Age changes in bones
A. Bone matrix
1. Proteins
and minerals
2. Quantity
3. Structure
a. Trabecular bone
b. Cortical bone
4. Effects of
menopause
5. Variability
in loss
6. Consequences
7. Minimizing
loss of matrix
V. Osteoporosis: a bone disease
A. Type I, or postmenopausal, osteoporosis
B. Type II, or senile, osteoporosis
C. Incidence
D. Effects
1. Vertebral
fractures
2. Hip fractures
E. Causes
F. Diagnosis
G. Modifiable risk factors
H. Intrinsic risk factors
I. Treatments
1. Strengthening
bone
2. Avoiding
injury
3. After a fracture
VI. Joints
A. Functions
B. Immovable joints - characteristics and
age changes
C. Slightly movable joints
1. Types
2. Age changes
D. Freely moveable joints
1. Structure
and functioning
2. Age changes
VII. Diseases of joints
A. Osteoarthritis
1. Incidence
2. Effects
3. Treatments
B. Rheumatoid arthritis
1. Incidence
2. Effects
3. Treatments
©Copyright 1999 - Augustine G. DiGiovanna - All rights reserved.
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and only for use by instructors and students in courses where students
are required to purchase the book HUMAN AGING: BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
by Augustine G. DiGiovanna, The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, 1994 or
2000; (2) If prior written permission is obtained from Augustine G. DiGiovanna.